Spearmint oils are obtained by steam distillation of the flowering herbs of Mentha spicata L. ssp. spicata (native spearmint; in China and India also from other varieties) andMentha x gracilis Sole (syn.Mentha cardiaca Ger., Scotch spearmint). They are colorless to yellow-green liquids with a fresh, caraway, minty odor. d2020 0.921–0.938; n20D 1.484–1.491; α20D ?59 ° to ?48 °; solubility: 1 vol in ≤3 vol of 70% ethanol at 20 °C; carbonyl number: ≥224, corresponding to a carvone content of 60%. The main producer of spearmint oil is the United States, primarily the state of Washington. Smaller amounts are also produced in some Midwest states and Canada. Total annual North American production is ～1200 t, 30–50% being of the native type and 50–70% of the Scotch type. Other cultivation areas for spearmint oils exist in China and India (together ～800 t), where oils of a native type are produced with very similar compositions to the US oils. Oils with a higher carvone content are obtained by redistillation. By far, spearmint oil is themost used for flavoring toothpaste and chewing gum. Smaller quantities are used in other oral care products and in pharmaceutical preparations.